Malatya; It is located in the Upper Euphrates Basin of the Eastern Anatolia Region and at the southwest end of the Adıyaman, Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Muş, Van depression area. It is surrounded by Elazig and Diyarbakir in the east, Adıyaman in the south, Kahramanmaraş in the west, Sivas and Erzincan in the north. The area of the province's territory is 12,313 km2. It lies between 35 54' and 39 03' north latitudes and 38 45' and 39 08' east longitudes. It opens to the Mediterranean with Malatya, Sultansuyu and Sürgü Stream valleys, Tohma valley to Central Anatolia, and to Eastern Anatolia with the Euphrates valley, creating a transition area between these regions.
Malatya province area was shaped after Alpine folding. Then III. With the end of geological time IV. Some parts of it have risen or collapsed with the fractures and bends during the tectonic movements that emerged at the beginning of time. There have been severe erosions in the province area, and the depression areas are filled with alluvium. Other plains of the province, especially Malatya plain, emerged with these developments. For these reasons, III. Time-aged limestones and conglomerates, volcanic ash are very common. Malatya plain is a wide depression area surrounded by mountain ranges and plateaus with elevations exceeding 1500 meters. The north of this depression area, whose altitude varies between 915950 meters, is covered with white and green marls. On these formations there are lake limestones inclined to the north.In the northeast of the plain, andesite lavas and stratified white and green marls extending to the northwest are striking. South of the collapse area III. It is overlain by the Eocene limestone series. This northward sloping structure turns into marbled limestones stratified by micaschists in the south of the city center. In the area between the city center and Malatya mountains and the Euphrates valley, IV. III. time aged gabbrove granodiorites date back. In the southwest and west of the province area, III. Neogene limestones are dominant. Conglomerates of the same age, forming horizontal layers with a thickness of 5060 meters, intrude towards the Tohma, Sultansuyu and Kuruçay valleys. This northward sloping structure turns into marbled limestones stratified by micaschists in the south of the city center.In the area between the city center and Malatya mountains and the Euphrates valley, IV. III. time aged gabbrove granodiorites date back. In the southwest and west of the province area, III. Neogene limestones are dominant. Conglomerates of the same age, forming horizontal layers with a thickness of 5060 meters, intrude towards the Tohma, Sultansuyu and Kuruçay valleys. This northward sloping structure turns into marbled limestones stratified by micaschists in the south of the city center. In the area between the city center and Malatya mountains and the Euphrates valley, IV. III. time aged gabbrove granodiorites date back. In the southwest and west of the province area, III. Neogene limestones are dominant. Conglomerates of the same age, forming horizontal layers with a thickness of 5060 meters, intrude towards the Tohma,Sultansuyu and Kuruçay valleys.
Almost all major soil types are encountered in Malatya. The main and characteristics of these soils, which are problematic due to my steep house, health and erosion, can be listed as follows.
Dark, organic matter-rich brown forest soils cover the limestones of various ages in the province area. These mature soils are thick in gently sloping sections and thinly layered in more sloping sections. These soils are spread in areas where the altitude varies between 1000-2000 meters and the annual precipitation average is over 7800 mm. Although the amount of precipitation is sufficient, the limestone layer, which is resistant to weathering and extending parallel to the surface, prevents the formation of deep soil. In the western parts of Malatya Mountains, lime-free brown forest soils were formed on the metamorphosis series with different schists and under the forest cover. There is no free lime in the structure of these mature soils. Soils are semi-mature in more sloping sections. Apart from the topsoil formed by decomposition and organic matter accumulation, there is not much stratification. The annual precipitation average in the distribution area of these soils is over 600 mm.
The natural cover consists of oaks from leafy trees, dwarf junipers and red pines from conifers, volcanic formations in the province during the transition from forest belt to dry belt are covered with limeless brown soils from place to place. This phenomenon is quite deep in the soils, where erosion is not very severe. The annual average precipitation in the distribution area is around 400 mm. Although the natural vegetation is not in terms of area, the most important soil group in the province in terms of quality is alluvial soils. The Malatya plain and the plains that are the continuation of this plain and the bottom soils of the Euphrates, Tohma, Sultansuyu, Sürgü and Kuruçay valleys are covered with alluvium. These young soils are composed of horizontally stacked materials carried by rivers. The high areas where the deposits are carried are generally composed of limestones of different ages. There are occasional external eruptions. Therefore, all alluvial soils are calcareous. For the formation of these young soils, no special climate and vegetation is required. Grain products, industrial plants, fruits and vegetables are grown in these lands where dry and irrigated farming is carried out. In the province, in the less inclined areas around the plains, there are colluvial soils formed by the agglomerated materials carried by gravity and small currents. Dry farming is generally practiced in these soils, which do not have horizontal stratification as in alluvial soils. Fruits, especially agricultural products, are grown in these lands. In the province, there are red Mediterranean soils and hydromorphic alluvial soils in a small area other than these soil groups. In addition, bare cliffs, river shore dunes and river floodplains are also encountered. For the formation of these young soils, no special climate and vegetation is required. Grain products, industrial plants, fruits and vegetables are grown in these lands where dry and irrigated farming is carried out. In the province, in the less inclined areas around the plains, there are colluvial soils formed by the agglomerated materials carried by gravity and small currents. Dry farming is generally practiced in these soils, which do not have horizontal stratification as in alluvial soils. Fruits, especially agricultural products, are grown in these lands. In the province, there are red Mediterranean soils and hydromorphic alluvial soils in a small area other than these soil groups. In addition, bare cliffs, river shore dunes and river floodplains are also encountered. For the formation of these young soils, no special climate and vegetation is required. Grain products, industrial plants, fruits and vegetables are grown in these lands where dry and irrigated farming is carried out. In the province, in the less inclined areas around the plains, there are colluvial soils formed by the agglomerated materials carried by gravity and small currents. Dry farming is generally practiced in these soils, which do not have horizontal stratification as in alluvial soils. Fruits, especially agricultural products, are grown in these lands. In the province, there are red Mediterranean soils and hydromorphic alluvial soils in a small area other than these soil groups. In addition, bare cliffs, river shore dunes and river floodplains are also encountered. fruits and vegetables are grown. In the province, in the less inclined areas around the plains, there are colluvial soils formed by the agglomerated materials carried by gravity and small currents. Dry farming is generally practiced in these soils, which do not have horizontal stratification as in alluvial soils. Fruits, especially agricultural products, are grown in these lands. In the province, there are red Mediterranean soils and hydromorphic alluvial soils in a small area other than these soil groups. In addition, bare cliffs, river shore dunes and river floodplains are also encountered. fruits and vegetables are grown. In the province, in the less inclined areas around the plains, there are colluvial soils formed by the agglomerated materials carried by gravity and small currents. Dry farming is generally practiced in these soils, which do not have horizontal stratification as in alluvial soils. Fruits, especially agricultural products, are grown in these lands. In the province, there are red Mediterranean soils and hydromorphic alluvial soils in a small area other than these soil groups. In addition, bare cliffs, river shore dunes and river floodplains are also encountered. Dry farming is generally practiced in these soils, which do not have horizontal stratification as in alluvial soils. Fruits, especially agricultural products, are grown in these lands. In the province, there are red Mediterranean soils and hydromorphic alluvial soils in a small area other than these soil groups. In addition, bare cliffs, river shore dunes and river floodplains are also encountered. Dry farming is generally practiced in these soils, which do not have horizontal stratification as in alluvial soils. Fruits, especially agricultural products, are grown in these lands. In the province, there are red Mediterranean soils and hydromorphic alluvial soils in a small area other than these soil groups. In addition, bare cliffs, river shore dunes and river floodplains are also encountered.
Mountains
A large part of the provincial area, III. The branches of the Southeast Taurus Mountains, which were formed during the Alpine folding in the geological period, cover the entire south of the province in the east-west direction. These mountains, which form more regular ranges in the south, are frequently fragmented directly by the Tohma water or by many streams joining the Euphrates.
Mountains in Malatya
The Southeast Taurus Mountains are divided into various branches after the Kapidere strait, located to the north of Gaziantep Gölbaşı. The mountains forming the southern branch of the mountain mass and extending in the west-east direction and filling the Besni, Adıyaman and Kahta and Malatya plains are called the Malatya mountains. Malatya mountains, which are high and very wavy, are broken by streams descending in various directions. For this reason, there are no important plains in the Malatya mountains. These mountains, which started to form regular rows in the east of the Doğanşehir plain, extend from time to time to the Euphrates valley, widening from time to time, and narrowing from time to time. The most important peaks on the Malatya Mountains, from west to east, are 2100 Korudağ, 2,424 Karakaya Hill, 2006 Becbel Hill, 2,544 Beydağı, 2,150 Kelle Hill, 2,306 meters high Gayrik Hill.
Nurhak Daglan
Nurhak Mountains, which enter the province area from the lands of Kahramanmaraş in the west of the Sultansuyu valley, form the branch of the Southeast Taurus Mountains that opens to the north. These mountains, which extend in the northeast direction parallel to the valley, are divided by the Tohma valley. At the same time, it opens to the west and northwest and surrounds the Tohma basin from the west. The most important elevations on the Nurhak Mountains are as follows. Derbent mountain (2,428 m.), Kepez mountain (2.140 m.), and Kuşkaya Hill (1,922 m.), Akçadağ (2,013 m.). The Nurhak mountains and their extensions, which completely cover the Malatya plain, Tohma valley, between Darende and Doğanşehir, are different from the Malatya mountains in terms of landforms. These mountains, which form a very mountainous landform at an altitude of about 500 meters compared to the Malatya and Doğanşehir plains and the Tohma and Sultansuyu valleys, are generally of volcanic origin. Streams originating from these mountains, they flow towards Sultansuyu in the east and form deep valleys. The altitude is usually below 2000 m.
Akcababa Mountains
Located between the Tohma valley and the Kuruçay valley, these mountains are the extensions of the Nurhak Mountains intruding towards the northeast. The Akçababa Mountains, which are not very high, spread in the northwest direction and cover a large area. These mostly bare mountains are Kuyucakbaşı Hill (1,734 m.), Akçababah Hill (1,164 m.), Ahbaba Tepe (1,857 m.) and Leylek Mountain (2,052 m.) from southwest to northeast.
Mount Patch
The Yama Mountain mass, most of which is located in the Sivas province area, opens towards the south and southeast and covers the entire north of Malatya. Yama Mountain and its extensions extending to Kuruçay valley in the west and Euphrates valley in the southeast are generally volcanic in nature. Its height is over 1500 meters. These mountains form a large, massive and high ridge. Except for important peaks, this section generally looks like a plateau. The most important elevations of this line are Doyukan Tepe, which is 1516 meters high to the west of Arguvan, Hasbek Tepe, which is 2,310 meters to the east of Kozdere, and Göl Mountain, which is 2.402 meters to the west of Arapgir. In addition, Venk and Izollu mountains in the east, Şakşak between Pütürge and Izollu, Dome in Pütürge, Akdoğan; Between Arguvan and Arapgir, Çangal Aynaca, Ifli; Demirli, Kızılhisar, Zürbehan in the Hekimhan region; In the Darende region, Hezanlı, Ademkıran, Alidede, Heyik, Kuduz, Beynamaz mountain; In the Yeşilyurt region, Montenegro, Karataş, Keklicek, Akseki mountains; In the Akçadağ region, there are mountains and hills such as Luğkayası, Kartal Kaya and Kurugöl.
Plateaus occupy a very large place in Malatya province area. The mountains, which are generally made of limestone, have rapidly eroded and turned into medium and high plateaus. The lavas that came out as a result of volcanic movements flattened the wavy structure and caused the emergence of wide plains.
Southern Plateaus
These are the plateaus lined up on the Malatya mountains. Here, as the mountains form high and regular rows, there are plateaus on the northern and western slopes at various elevations, arranged one under the other or side by side. These plateaus are rich in water resources.
Western Plateaus
The western plateaus are at a lower elevation than the southern plateaus, and their elevations do not exceed 1500 meters. In the region, the mountains are in the case of individual masses that do not form regular rows. The plateaus, which are broken up by the Tohma water and its tributaries and lined up between quite deep valleys, are generally dry and bare. These plateaus range from Aygörmez and Kepez mountains to the Tohma valley, from the Akçababa mountains to the Tohma and Kuruçay valleys.
Northern Plateaus
They are the most important plateaus of Malatya. The high plains, also known as the Yama Plateaus, lined up at the foot of the Yama mountain, move towards the Euphrates valley. The parts of the northern plateaus close to the Sivas borders are wider and flatter. For this reason, the plateaus here are smaller and have a terraced structure arranged on different elevation steps.
Valleys and Plains
Valleys are of great importance in the province of Malatya, all valleys in the province open to the main valley of the Euphrates. Of these, especially the Tohma valley forms a wide network with its side valleys. The floors of these valleys widen as they approach the Euphrates valley and important plains of the province emerge. Most of these valleys remain in the Karakaya Dam Lake area today. Other valleys also widen from place to place and form flats of various sizes, which are lined up on various elevation steps.
Malatya Plain, Doğanşehir Plain, İzollu Plain, Mığdı Plain, Sürgü Plain, Akçadağ Plain, Yazıhan Plain, Mandara Plain, Çaplı Plain, Distrik Plain and Erkenek Plain.
Malatya Plain
It covers a very large area between Tohma, Sultansuyu and Euphrates valleys. Its average altitude is 900 m. This wide plain is gradually rising and 1500 m. It is surrounded by high mountains and plateaus reaching up to The area of the plain reaches 830 km2. Malatya Plain extending in the west-east direction is a depression area. It was formed as a result of the filling of rivers with alluvium. The thickness of these young filling materials carried by the rivers varies between 50 and 100 meters. The thickness of the infill layer becomes thinner towards the edges of the plain. The plain is generally flat. However, the depth reaches 60-100 m in the valleys of small streams descending from the environment. Thus, a slightly wavy structure was formed. Malatya Plain is covered with a thick layer of soil and is fertile. Since it is very permeable, it does not repel water and dries quickly. Because, Irrigation is extremely important for agricultural production. In 1975, some areas were opened to irrigation by making use of the Medik Dam, Sultansuyu and Beylereresi built on Tohma.
Doğanşehir Plain
All of the small and large plains lined up on both sides of the Sultansuyu valley, which opens to the Tohma valley from the south, are called Doğanşehir Plain. It starts to narrow towards Doğanşehir after Ova Süratı. In the district center, the altitude reaches 1,250 meters. Sultansuyu and its tributaries flow from the plain in shallow beds.
İzollu Plains
The plains, large and small, on the east of Malatya plain extending to the Kömürhan gorge, where the Euphrates river forms a narrow and deep corridor, are called Izollu plains. These are terraced plains starting from the Malatya mountains and extending to the northeast and opening towards the Karakaya dam lake.
Erhaç Düzü and Arga and Ruins Writings
These plains, which are the western extensions of the Malatya plain, are sometimes wavy plains. The elevation of these plains, which fill the triangular area between the Sultansuyu valley and the Tohma valley, is higher than the Malatya plain.
Dairy, Taffeta and National Writings
Mandıra plain, one of the semi-plain areas, is between Sultansuyu and Beylereresi; the others are located in the east of Beyderesi. These areas, which are the southern extensions of the Malatya plain, are higher and more wavy.
Migdi Düzü
Ayvali is located at the junction point of Tohma and Hacılar Tohma valleys. Covering a large area in the east and southeast of Darende, the plain has an area of approximately 50 km2. The middle parts of the plain are flat, the elevation increases towards the edges and a wavy structure emerges. The soil, which is formed as a result of the expanding valley floor being filled with alluviums carried by the rivers, is in a fertile condition. The green cover consists of willow and poplar trees only at the water's edge.
Euphrates Valley
It is one of the most important valleys of Turkey. The Euphrates valley, which is very deep and steep, extends by drawing sharp bends. The steepening valley continues this structure until it merges with the Söğütlü Stream valley in Malatya territory. After that, the valley begins to widen. While the stream is flowing in a very wide bed, it branches out from time to time and forms islets. After the Göldağı and Sarıçiçek plateau level, the structure suddenly changes. Wide troughs inclined towards the Euphrates valley emerge. These are Tohma and Kuruçay valleys. This structure of the Euphrates valley continues until the eastern end of the Malatya Mountains. Here the valley narrows again. 100 km. turns into a long throat. After this strait, which is known as the Kömürhan Strait, the valley comes out of the province's territory.
Tohma Valley
The Tohma valley, which starts from Sivas in two branches, forms a wide trough towards the Euphrates valley. These arms begin to expand from the side of Darende. It merges in the east of the district. A wide plain is formed at the junction of the valleys. After this high plain, which is called the Mığdı Düzü, the valley narrows a little and stretches in the east direction. Then it merges with the Sultansuyu valley coming from the south and suddenly expands and opens to the Euphrates valley. Malatya and Doğanşehir plains, Erhaç plain and Yazıhan plain, which are the most important plains of the province, are lined on the floor of the expanding valley.
Kuruçay Valley
The valley, which starts from the western skirts of Yama Mountain, is not very deep in the beginning parts. There are no steep and narrow gorges that are common in the Tohma valley. The main reason for this is the eroded and rounded landforms in the region. In addition, the basin of the stream crossing the valley is small and the amount of water it drains is also low. Again, Kuruçay valley narrows a little in the middle part. Later, its base widens and merges with Tohma and Euphrates valleys. There is no plain in the Kuruçay valley, except for Yazıhan plain with the Capitli script.
capacious text
The plain covering the Hasançelebi region in the Kuruçay valley is called the Çapıtlı script. The length of this high plain extending from the bottoms of Akgedik to Hasançelebi exceeds 20 km. Its width is 10 km. reaches. Although the plain is generally flat, it has a slightly wavy structure in places.
Yazihan Duzü
This plain is located at the point where the Tohma and Kuruçay valleys open to the Euphrates. It is separated from Malatya plain by Tohma water. The whole area, which is north of Tohma water and includes the Kuruçay valley floor, is called Yazıhan plain. The Yazıhan plain, which is higher than the Mayatya plain, is dry and bare since the water resources are scarce. Tohma water remains deeper than the plain surface. Kuruçay, on the other hand, dries up in summer.
The main streams of our city are; Söğütlü Stream 17.5 km., Morhamam Stream 22.5 km., Kuruçay 67 km. Tohma Stream 52.5 km., Sultansuyu 21.5 km., Sürgü Stream 30 km., Beylereresi 38 km., Mamihan Stream 10 km., and Şiro Stream 37 km. is
Willow Tea
Starting from the southern slopes of Göl Mountain, this valley is not very long. It extends first to the south and then to the southeast, opening to the Euphrates. Although the valley is not large by expanding from place to place, it forms important plains in terms of agriculture. The main ones are; These are the writings of Diştrik and Arguvan. The word "Distick" refers to the plain spreading from the Söğütlü tea valley to the Mutmur sub-district valley. It is a small plain. The plain, whose length and width reaches 17.5 km, is wavy and stony in places.
Arguvan Text:
The Söğütlüçay valley widens near Arguvan, and the plain that lies here is called the Arguvan script.
Sliding Valley
This valley, which forms the beginning part of the Göksu valley, starts on the southern slopes of Karakaya hill, 20-30 km. After extending in the same direction, it draws a wide arc first to the west, then to the south and southeast, and exits the province. Then, under the name of Göksu Valley, it passes through Adıyaman lands and opens to the Euphrates Valley. In the valley, there is the Sürgü plain, which is important in terms of agriculture.
Plain of Slide
Malatya is a high plain at the southwest end of the depression area. The soils formed as a result of filling the widening valley trough with the silt carried by the rivers are very fertile. It is irrigated from Sürgü dam built on Sürgü Stream. Since it is higher than the Malatya plain, winters are a bit harsh.
Streams
Malatya province is located on the Euphrates basin. Covering a very large area in the upper Euphrates part of the basin, the province's lands are quite rich in terms of surface water resources.
Euphrates Basin
It is the largest basin in Turkey. The annual average water volume of the basin, which has a catchment area of 127,000 km2, exceeds 28 billion m3. There are nearly 4,900,000 hectares of plains in the Euphrates basin. The most important of these rivers, which are located on 1,700,000 hectares, are Tohma water, Kuruçay, Euphrates river and Sürgü Stream.
Firat River
The river emerging from the Keban Dam flows in a wide arc from southwest to southeast, forming the border of Malatya with Elazig. Flowing by first taking Kuruçay and then Tohma water, the Euphrates used to divide into branches from time to time and form islets. This area has remained within the Karakaya Dam Lake area today. The Euphrates river continues to flow by entering the Kömürhan strait, one of the longest and deepest straits in Eastern Anatolia, in the Kömürhan region, and forms the Malatya-Diyarbakır border after the strait. Karakaya Dam was established near Diyarbakır Cüngüş district.
Tomato Juice
After the Euphrates river, which forms the eastern border of Malatya, the largest stream of the province is Tohma. consists of two branches. Ayvalı, the longest branch, originates from Tohma Stream and Uzunyayla, while the other branch, Hacılar Tohma, arises from Tahtalı Mountains. These two branches enter the provincial border of Malatya, converge on Mğdı, pass through the narrow and long Şuğul gorge, and pass through the Malatya plain and join the Euphrates River. The Medik dam was established where the Tohma water escaped from the Şuğul strait. While Tohma water flows from Malatya plain, it flows into the Euphrates by taking Halavun Stream and Epreme Stream in the north, Dipsiz Stream, Sultansuyu, Beylereresi Horata Stream and Orduzu Stream in the South. These waters have an important place in the irrigation of Sultansuyu, Doğanşehir and Malatya plains.
Kuruçay
Born from the west of Mount Yama, Kuruçay joins the Euphrates in the direction of Eğribük after passing Hasançelebi, Hekimhan and Fethiye. Since the water is very low in the summer months, this water cannot be utilized much.
Slider Stream
Collecting the waters of the Sürgü region, which forms the southwestern tip of the province, this stream rises from the southern slopes of the Karakaya hill, located in the western parts of the Malatya region. Sürgü Stream is an important tributary of Göksu river. After the town of Sürgü, the stream flowing from the west until Kapıdere then turns south. Here, the stream, which merges with Göksu and takes the name Göksu, turns east and enters the Adıyaman provincial border and joins the Euphrates from Adıyaman province territory. The Sürgü dam was built on Sürgü Stream and a large area is irrigated from this dam. Apart from these important streams of Malatya, there are many small streams and streams that either directly join the Euphrates or other large streams. These are: Eğmir, Mircan, Göksu, Aksu, Şiro, Berenge, Söğütlüçay, Sazdere, Shotikdere, Kozluk Stream, Yenice Stream, Setrek Stream, Arapgir Stream, Davulga, Cevizlisu.
There are 4 dams in our province, namely Sürgü, Medik, Polat and Sultansuyu dams. Polat and Sultansuyu dams were built for irrigation purposes, Medik Dam was built for irrigation + electricity purposes, and Sürgü Dam was built for irrigation + flood protection purposes. Sultansuyu dam was put into service in 1993 and is our newest dam. It is expected that the Çat dam will be put into service in 1996.
There is no important natural lake in Malatya. There are small lakes formed by the waters that rise to the surface only in the source areas of the waters flowing from the mountainous areas and on the low-elevation plateau steps. Apart from these, there are 5 ponds for irrigation purposes. Of these; Orduzu Irrigation Pond, Orduzu Zorbalı Irrigation Pond and Hançayı II. Irrigation Pond in Malatya Center, Isaköy irrigation pond in Arguvan district; There is also an irrigation pond in our Darende district.
Karakaya Dam Lake
A total of 67 villages, 42 in the central district of Malatya, 15 in the Pütürge district, 2 in the Akçadağ district, 6 in the Arguvan district, and 2 in the Arapgir district, remained within the lake area. The dam lake covers an area of 150,875,583 m2 on the provincial borders of Malatya.
Malatya lands lack important vegetation. While a significant part of the province was covered with forests in the past, this cover has disappeared over time. Since natural conditions make it difficult for the forests to renew themselves, steppes have emerged from place to place.
367,253 hectares (30%) of the provincial land is covered with forests and heaths, 125,156 hectares (10%) is covered with meadows and pastures. The west-east oriented Malatya mountains, which cover the south of the province, begin to turn into good quality groves and coppices. On the slopes overlooking the Sultansuyu valley at the western end of the Malatya Mountains, cranberries, one of the conifers that are disappearing in Eastern Anatolia, are found. The plateaus on the Malatya mountains and the semi-lowland plains in the areas close to the Malatya plain are covered with rich meadow grasses. The natural vegetation on the mountains and plateaus surrounding the southwest of the province area has almost disappeared. No living cover can be found other than the degraded forest remnants, mostly composed of oaks. Wild fruit tools and poplars and willows are added to this cover in places along the springs and valleys. Fruit growing is more common in plant production areas than natural cover. The mountains covering the north of Malatya are considered richer than the west, although not as much as Pütürge and Doğanşehir regions in terms of cover. In these regions, there are deciduous forests, mostly of degraded nature, where oaks are the majority. A thick layer of soil and fruit trees, willows and poplars are seen in this section. There are deciduous forests in which oaks are the majority, most of which are degraded. A thick layer of soil and fruit trees, willows and poplars are seen in this section. There are deciduous forests in which oaks are the majority, most of which are degraded. A thick layer of soil and fruit trees, willows and poplars are seen in this section.
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